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Reproductive Sciences
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Ureaplasma parvum or Mycoplasma hominis as Sole Pathogens Cause Chorioamnionitis, Preterm Delivery, and Fetal Pneumonia in Rhesus Macaques

Miles J. Novy, MD

Divisions of Reproductive Sciences Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, novym{at}ohsu.edu

Lynn Duffy, MT

Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama

Michael K. Axthelm, DVM, PhD

Pathobiology and Immunology Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon

Drew W. Sadowsky, PhD

Divisions of Reproductive Sciences Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon

Steven S. Witkin, PhD

Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics Gynecology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York

Michael G. Gravett, MD

Department Obstetrics Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

Gail H. Cassell, PhD

Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, Indiana

Kenneth B. Waites, MD

Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama

The authors assess causal, cellular and inflammatory links between intraamniotic infection with Ureaplasma parvum or Mycoplasma hominis and preterm labor in a nonhuman primate model. Long-term catheterized rhesus monkeys received intraamniotic inoculations of clinical isolates of Ureaplasma parvum serovar 1, M hominis, media control or physiological saline. Genital mycoplasmas were quantified in amniotic fluid (AF) and documented in fetal tissues by culture and PCR. In association with elevated AF colony counts for U parvum or M hominis, there was a sequential upregulation of AF leukocytes, proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin E2 and F2a, metalloproteinase-9 and uterine activity ( P< .05). Fetal membranes and lung were uniformly positive for both microorganisms; fetal blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures and PCR were more often positive for M hominis than U parvum. Histopathologic findings of chorioamnionitis, a systemic fetal inflammatory response and pneumonitis worsen with duration of in utero infection. U parvum or M hominis, as sole pathogens, elicit a robust proinflammatory response which contributes to preterm labor and fetal lung injury.

Key Words: Ureaplasma • mycoplasma • intrauterine infection/inflammation • preterm labor • chorioamnionitis • fetal lung • rhesus monkey.

This version was published on January 1, 2009

Reproductive Sciences, Vol. 16, No. 1, 56-70 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/1933719108325508
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